The Laurel Hubbard debate

Sport Is Unfair

There’s no doubt the No. 1 reason many believe transgender females should be allowed to compete in female sports is fairness. The IOC guidelines state their stance for transgender athletes to compete against females is to “guarantee fair competition” (IOC Consensus Meeting, 2015).

We all know sport is unfair. Athletes that have access to better coaching, facilities, and resources have an advantage over athletes who don’t. Also, some athletes are just naturally gifted with talent or physical attributes that others will never possess, even with years of training. This means shorter athletes may lose out to taller athletes in basketball, and smaller athletes may lose out to larger athletes in rugby.

These examples of unfairness in sport can be considered “tolerable unfairness” (Knox et al. 2019). Tolerable unfairness is grounded in the idea that athletes begin from roughly the same starting point but ultimately end up at different levels due to uncontrollable factors (Knox et al. 2019). There are some instances where tolerable unfairness is controlled to ensure it is in fact tolerable and doesn’t overshadow more important aspects of performance, like skill.

While the “skill thesis” has its issues, the initial premise is sound. It suggests that if sport was to be decided based purely on skill, any genetic advantages would need to be mitigated through handicap systems or luck scales. After all, that is the purpose of competitive sport – to identify who is the most skilful (Bianchi, 2017). This is the very reason that combat sports have weight classes – if you take a heavyweight and match them up with a lightweight in any combat sport, the heavyweight is likely going to win purely because of their size advantage. So, we wouldn’t really know who the most skilful is in this contest.

If a transgender female has a performance advantage over a biologically-born female athlete, there’s a chance that she also might win a contest without being the most skilful. So, any advantage they may have should ideally be considered as tolerable unfairness, or have some controlling factor introduced to lessen its effect. This isn’t necessarily possible though, because the performance advantages that transgender females may have are not only because of their size but because of what caused them to grow in the first place – more on this later.

While gender is a social construct where all can be viewed as equal, sex is biological. So is there really no difference between males and females?

There Are No Differences Between Genders

Let’s start at the top – the elite of the elite. Below is a graph showing the clear performance gap between males and females at the elite sporting level (Hilton & Lundberg, 2020).

With female performance set to 100%, we can see that endurance-based sports have a performance gap of around 10-13% in best performances, whereas strength and power-based activities have differences up to 50%. It seems there is a trend where the more upper body that is involved in the activity, the greater the performance gap. Previous research adds to this evidence. So males are more often than not bigger, faster, and stronger than their female counterparts. This has been found in a number of sports including handball and weightlifting where performance differences range between 31-37% across all weight classes. Females who are 60% heavier than males still don’t make up this performance gap difference.

These are the elite performers. But does this performance gap exist in the average Jo(e)?

In youth adults, VO2max in males was 56% higher than females, with two separate studies finding males possess 89% 1RM strength, 57% greater muscle size, 109% greater isometric strength, and 162% greater power than females.

We can go even further with performance differences between males and females pre-puberty before any surges in hormones.

Nine-year-old males are 10% faster over short sprints, 16% faster over 1-mile, can jump 10% further, do 33% more push-ups, and have a 14% stronger grip than 9-year-old females. Performance differences are even seen in children as young as six-years-old where males can perform 16% more shuttle runs and jump 10% further.

With all of these performance differences from young children ranging to elite athletes, what would happen if male and female divisions were abolished and anyone could compete against anyone? Well, we would likely see the end of females competing in any high-level sport. And this is not an exaggeration.

Here’s why. The world record 100m sprint time for females is 10.49 seconds. The 100m sprint record in the boy’s category is 10.15 seconds – set by a 16-year-old boy. In fact, the top five results in that single race are all faster than the current female world record which you can see here.

Let’s look at the opposite end of the spectrum. The female marathon world record is 2:17:01. The under-18 boys record for the marathon is 2:11:43, set by a 17-year-old.

Sport scientist Ross Tucker explains this best. If you took male athletes within a certain sport and gathered those who are within 10-13% of the best performances (our smallest performance gap), there would be thousands of men that fit into this category. Even if 10% of these thousands who weren’t quite elite entered into a female competition, the very best female athletes would be pushed outside the top 100, and in some cases, the top 1000.

So, it seems there are clear differences between males and females when it comes to physical performance and physical attributes. But what is it that is causing this large performance gap?

The Power Of Testosterone: Does Reducing It Really Make It Fair?

There is one hormone that influences these dramatic performance differences between males and females, and that is testosterone. Testosterone is a sex hormone considered highly beneficial in all sports for enhancing many physical attributes. As the IAAF stated in their 2019 eligibility regulations, “To the best of our knowledge, there is no other genetic or biological trait encountered in female athletics that confers such a huge performance advantage [than testosterone].”

The average male testosterone level sits between 7.7-29.4 nmol/L. The average female ranges from 0-1.7 nmol/L (Handelsman et al. 2018). Raising testosterone outside of a normal female range is so potent that even at levels just below the lowest male range of 7.3 nmol/L, we see 4.4% increases in lean muscle mass, 12-14% increases in lower body strength and power, and a 26% increase in upper body power (Handelsman et al. 2018). This testosterone level is 156% greater than the female average.

In fact, when males hit puberty, their testosterone levels increase 20x whereas female’s testosterone levels remain steady, resulting in males having a 15x higher testosterone than females (Hilton & Lundberg, 2020).

These data suggest that testosterone through puberty is primarily responsible for these large performance gaps between males and females. Even at early to middle stages of puberty, males exhibit testosterone levels of approximately 6.9 nmol/L which is far greater than the average female (Handelsman et al. 2018).

As this movement of inclusivity in sport grows, there are more and more people trying to discredit testosterone as a powerful performance-enhancing hormone.

However, scientific research suggests otherwise. The simplest way of discerning the effects of testosterone on performance is to study the effects of exogenous testosterone (i.e. supplementing extra testosterone) in males and females.

Let’s start with muscle mass and strength.

This graph represents increasing doses of testosterone in males and its effect on muscle mass, leg press strength, thigh muscle volume, and quadriceps muscle volume (Handelsman et al. 2018). We can see there is a clear dose response relationship between testosterone and body composition, strength, and muscle mass. Meaning the more testosterone that is used, the greater the gains made.

But what about females? Do they show the same response?

Even at miniscule doses compared to males, we see the same dose response relationship like we do in males: increases in muscle mass, leg press strength, chest press power, and lower body power.

So, what exactly does more testosterone do to the human body? Well, testosterone has a strong effect on bone density where males exhibit 10% greater bone surface area compared to females (Knox et al. 2019). Greater bone surface area allows more muscle to be supported which is one reason why males are generally bigger and stronger than females on average.

Additionally, males on average are 7-8% taller than females with longer, denser, and stronger bones that allow greater leverage in sports that involve jumping, throwing, and explosive activities (Handelsman et al. 2018). Further, females suffer more lower body stress fractures compared to males due to the difference in bone density.

While many believe that testosterone only improves muscle mass and strength, it also has a large positive impact on aerobic capabilities. Males have a diaphragm that sits lower than females allowing for greater lung capacity. During puberty, increases in testosterone increase the quantity of alveoli (small air sacs) in the lungs which allows more oxygen to travel from the lungs into the bloodstream.

Males also have a larger heart, increasing stroke volume. Females will pump 33% less blood per heartbeat compared to males.

Finally, males display greater haemoglobin concentrations improving the ability to carry oxygen to the working muscles during exercise. All of these attributes are influenced by testosterone (Knox et al. 2019).

With all of these positive impacts related to testosterone, what is the limit for a transgender female to compete?

The current IOC guidelines for transgender female athletes are as follows:

1. They have to declare their gender for sporting purposes to be female for at least four years.
2. Their testosterone must be under 10 nmol/L for at least 12 months before competing.

The IAAF guidelines have since lowered the required testosterone level to 5 nmol/L which they state is to “ensure a level playing field for athletes” (IAAF Regulations, 2018). If you remember, the average female testosterone is 0-1.7 nmol/L. And levels approaching the lower range for males is enough to significantly enhance performance and body composition in females.

But what about the belief that transgender females are at a disadvantage because they have to supress their hormones?

There is a very strong body of research investigating male-to-female transitions and the effect of hormone therapy on various performance markers. And unfortunately, it seems that reducing testosterone in transgender females doesn’t reverse all of the adaptations males undergo during growth.

After 24 months of hormone therapy, transgender females retain their bone density and, in some cases, may even be preserved over 12 and a half years (Fighera et al. 2019; Hilton & Lundberg, 2020). After 12 months of hormone therapy, no increases in bone fracture rates were found supporting the notion of retaining bone density (Singh-Ospina et al. 2017).

The largest reduction in muscle mass seen in male-to-female transitions is 12% after 3 years of hormone treatment (Gooren & Bunck et al. 2004). When looking at a 1-year timeline, as per the IOC guidelines, we see an approximate 3-5% loss in muscle mass (Klaver et al. 2018).

The fact that males on average have 40% greater muscle mass than females, this suggests that transgender females have large advantages in this department over their female counterparts (Hilton & Lundberg, 2020).

After eight years of hormone therapy, muscle mass is only reduced by 17% placing them in the 90th percentile for women and grip strength is reduced by 25% placing them 25% higher than normal female values. Further, when testosterone is reduced to within normal female range after 12 months of hormone therapy, grip strength is only reduced by approximately 4%.

Let’s take the hot topic and use Hubbard as an example. Her previous records before transitioning in 1998 were a 135 kg snatch and 170 kg clean & jerk, for a total of 300 kg.

21 years later in 2019, she has hit a 131 kg snatch, and 154 kg clean & jerk in competition for a total of 285 kg. That is a 5% decline in performance. When there is a 30% strength difference between males and females in Olympic weightlifting, that doesn’t bring her much closer.

While no research to date has measured the effects of male-to-female transitioning with hormone therapy on endurance performance, the research suggests that transgender females retain most of the lean muscle mass, strength, and bone density even up to and past eight years in some instances.

Even with all these advantages, some transgender females still don’t have a chance of winning elite competition. 

Advantages Don’t Mean Medals

This is often a viewpoint parroted on social media, and there is some truth behind it. Not every transgender female competing at the elite level is going to surpass all biologically born female athletes. There are a lot of factors that make up a truly elite athlete, from skill level to genetic background.

But there are many reasons why, regardless of whether they win or not, allowing transgender females to compete with biologically born females is a slippery slope.

Firstly, there’s the matter of fairness. A biological female could potentially lose her spot for selection because of the advantages a transgender female has. The biological female athlete is not allowed to supplement with exogenous testosterone to match the transgender athlete. Further, females haven’t gone through the surge in testosterone that occurs during puberty, leaving them even further behind.

But it’s not just the elite level that suffers. It’s the amateur level, too. For example, Mack Beggs, the American high school wrestler who won the Texas State girl’s wrestling championship with a combined 89-0 record throughout both seasons. Or Gabrielle Ludwig, the 6’6”, 230 lb transgender female who played college basketball. Or Hannah Mouncey, the Australian Rules football player playing in the VFLW who previously represented Australia in men’s handball at 6’2”. And most recently, France has just allowed transgender females to play women’s rugby in France.

As it is seen as okay for transgender females to compete at the elite level, it will continue to trickle down to the amateur game. In combat and collision sports, there is an even greater reason for transgender females not to compete with biological females, and that is safety.

Larger, stronger, more dense human beings running into or striking females that have, on average, lower bone density, less muscle mass, and are not as strong is a recipe for injury. Consider transgender MMA athlete Fallon Fox, who broke the skull of her opponent in an MMA bout.

While transgender females may not medal at the elite level, at the amateur level, the average male that transitions can potentially compete at a much higher level than they could as a male. This creates a small butterfly effect – their advantage may allow them to reach the representative level or win local events, which means a biological female athlete at that level doesn’t get scouted or selected. This can mean no scholarship or sponsorship, potentially leading to the athlete leaving the sport altogether.